This article demonstrates the qualitative impact of the development of genomic technologies on national security, which is leading to the emergence of new functions for government agencies. It is argued that the accumulation of human genetic data, its use for various social purposes, and the growing dependence of personalized medicine on information about human biology have led to the transition of genetics from a fundamental science to a critical factor in state sovereignty. The specific aspects of the sovereignty of human genetic data are highlighted. A comparative legal study of the concept of genetic sovereignty is conducted (using the examples of Mexico and China).