The article is devoted to the analysis of the transformation of the legal regulation of the demographic policy of the Russian Federation in the context of new global and national challenges. The author explores the evolution of legal regulation from fragmented social support measures to a comprehensive constitutional and legal institution of "people's preservation." Special attention is given to the legal conflicts between the goals of demographic growth and objective socio-economic realities, as well as the transition from a "pro-natalist" legal model to a "family-centric" ecosystem.