This article identifies the theoretical foundations, nature, and boundaries of legal protection for cognitive dignity and cognitive freedom in an age of the active use of neurotechnology and the prospects for enhancing human cognitive abilities. It also examines the relationship between cognitive dignity and neurofreedom as intellectual and legal categories. In the era of biogenetic information and the technological capabilities of brain reading, international legal and state-legal means of guaranteeing, legal regulatory instruments, and neuroethical aspects of ensuring human cognitive dignity are particularly important. The author proposes recognizing and considering four aspects of neurofreedom at the legal level as a new personal freedom and a condition for ensuring cognitive dignity. The development of cognitive dignity as a legal and ethical concept within the system of neurolaw and neuroethics is linked to the search for an intellectual, legal, and existential foundation for human neurorights.