The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal foundations of judicial control over the observance of the rights and legitimate interests of convicts in the Russian Federation. Judicial control is considered as an interdisciplinary institution integrating elements of various branches of law. The article analyzes the procedural, administrative and criminal law aspects of control, including monitoring compliance with legislation, resolving procedural and administrative disputes, as well as ensuring the possibility of appealing actions and decisions of bodies responsible for the execution of punishments. Special attention is paid to the role of judicial control in ensuring a balance between State interests and the rights of convicted persons, minimizing abuses and violations, as well as protecting the legitimate interests of persons serving sentences.