The role of labor law instruments in addressing the problem of poverty among the working-age population of Russia is analyzed. The study examines such legal means as the guarantee of the right to work, unemployment protection, active employment measures, and the development of the social contract. The integrated application of various legal instruments contributes to the effective realization of citizens’ rights to work, fair remuneration, and social security, ultimately leading to a reduction in poverty levels. Particular attention is given to the role of the social contract, which combines the norms of labor law and social security law. It is concluded that the successful implementation of these legal instruments and the realization of citizens’ socio-economic rights, as well as the provision of decent living conditions, require the active participation of the state and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.