Annotation

The concept of “administrative act” is central to modern administrative law. However, even in countries belonging to the same legal family, it can differ. Russian academic literature tends to focus on the German experience, which distinguishes between normative and individual acts. At the same time, French administrative law is interesting both for its judicial origins and for its legislative regulation, which is unusual for the Russian tradition. The notion of “administrative act” there forms one concept. Furthermore, French law explicitly recognizes a third type of act: neither normative nor individual, that is, acts that exhibit different properties depending on the circumstances (for example, in urban planning). The law also regulates the procedure for concluding and executing administrative contracts. With that, the legal force of an act is in any case linked to the presence of an authoritative order within it, which is the primary issue in judicial review in the event of an appeal; the form of the act then becomes secondary. In addition, the legislator especially pays attention to the publication (notification) of the adopted act, which can help in appealing, including if such an act affects the interests of third parties.